Plumbing problems rarely announce themselves dramatically. More often they build slowly -- a drain that gets progressively slower, water pressure that gradually drops -- until something fails. Here are the warning signs.
Low or inconsistent water pressure
Whole-house low pressure often indicates a failing pressure regulator ($200-$400 to replace) or a partially closed shutoff valve. Low pressure in one fixture suggests a clogged aerator (a $5 fix) or a failing valve. Pressure that fluctuates widely -- normal then high -- indicates a failing pressure regulator or water hammer.
Discolored water
Brown or orange water means rust -- either from your pipes (common in homes with older galvanized iron pipes) or from the water heater (sign the anode rod has failed and the tank is rusting internally). Yellow water can indicate disturbed sediment. Any discoloration warrants investigation.
Slow drains in multiple locations
A single slow drain is usually a localized clog. Multiple slow drains throughout the house indicate a problem in the main sewer line -- buildup, root intrusion, or partial blockage. A main line issue requires a plumber with a camera and hydro-jetting equipment.
Water stains on ceilings or walls
A water stain on a ceiling below a bathroom almost always means a leak from the floor above -- either a supply line, a drain, or a failed wax ring on the toilet. Left unaddressed, these leaks cause rot and mold. The stain's location gives clues: near a toilet suggests wax ring; near a shower/tub suggests drain or surround failure.
Unusually high water bills
If your water bill spikes without a change in usage, you have a leak somewhere. Check the water meter before and after a 2-hour period where no water is used -- if the meter moves, there's an active leak. Toilet flappers are the most common culprit (a running toilet can waste 200+ gallons/day). Outdoor irrigation leaks are another common source.
Bottom line
Plumbing problems caught early are dramatically cheaper than emergencies. A $300 service call to diagnose and fix a slow drain is far better than a $15,000 sewer line replacement.
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